WCS 2026 is organized around key thematic areas that encompass the breadth of snake research and conservation. Each theme brings together cutting-edge research and fosters interdisciplinary collaboration.
Systematics, taxonomy, and nomenclature of snakes, Phylogenetics and molecular evolution, Phylogeography and biogeography; Historical and contemporary patterns of diversification; Integrative taxonomy (morphology, molecules, and behaviour); Evolution of key traits (fangs, venom systems, reproductive modes, mimicry); Genomic and transcriptomic perspectives on snake evolution.
Natural history observations and ecological diversity; Life history traits: growth, reproduction, lifespan, mortality; Habitat use, microhabitat preferences, and community ecology; Population structure, density, and dynamics; Movement ecology, spatial distribution, and home range studies; Predator-prey relationships and trophic interactions; Seasonal activity, thermoregulation, and behavioural ecology.
Comparative anatomy and osteology of snakes; Musculoskeletal and organ systems; Sensory and nervous systems; Respiratory, digestive, and reproductive physiology; Chemical and hormonal mechanisms of function and adaptation; Evolution and function of scales, coloration, and cryptic morphology; Functional morphology and biomechanics of locomotion and feeding.
Population genetics and genetic diversity; Genomics and transcriptomics; Epigenetics, gene flow, and evolutionary development; Molecular adaptation to environment and prey specialization; Cytogenetics and chromosomal evolution; Cellular and molecular mechanisms in snake biological systems; Genetic risks in inbreeding and captive populations.
Snake venom composition, evolution, and function; Venomics, proteomics, and metabolomics; Snake chemical communication and pheromones; Bioprospecting and pharmaceutical applications; Clinical trials and antivenom development; Venom variability and ecological correlates; Biotechnological and therapeutic innovations from snake biochemistry.
Epidemiology and global patterns of snakebite; Clinical syndromes and treatment protocols; Antivenom production, storage, and distribution logistics; Regional snakebite preparedness and hospital requirements; Risk prediction and rapid response systems; Community education and outreach programs; Integration of traditional medicine and modern clinical care.
Effects of climate and land-use change on snake populations; Habitat loss, fragmentation, and degradation; Wildlife crime, smuggling, and illegal trade; Agrochemical pollution and its physiological impacts; Conservation genetics and population viability; Ex situ and in situ breeding and reintroduction programs; Risk management and conservation prioritization; Policy frameworks, planning, and implementation for snake conservation.
Zooarchaeology, Human–snake conflict and coexistence strategies; Cultural, religious, and mythological perceptions of snakes; History, Socioeconomic importance and ecosystem services; Public awareness, education, and media portrayal; Influence of social media and misinformation; Community-based conservation and traditional knowledge systems; Ethical issues in snake research, handling, and trade.
In situ and ex situ management programs; Captive breeding, nutrition, and reproduction; Veterinary care and snake diseases; Pathogens, parasites, and emerging infections; Genetic management and inbreeding avoidance; Husbandry standards and welfare assessment; Role of zoos, rescue centers, and breeding facilities in conservation.
Snake identification and citizen science apps; Bioacoustic, visual, and AI-based monitoring systems; Remote sensing and GIS applications for snake distribution; Molecular databases, barcoding, and digital taxonomy; Automated habitat modeling and risk mapping; Integration of big data and machine learning in herpetology; Open science, data sharing, and collaborative global networks.
Global and regional biodiversity policies; Legislative frameworks for snake trade, welfare, and habitat protection; Implementation of conservation action plans; International collaboration and capacity building; Role of NGOs, academia, and local communities; Sustainable use and ecosystem-based management approaches; Integration of snake conservation into the UN SDGs and CBD targets.
Linking ecology, health, and social development; One Health and EcoHealth approaches involving snakes; Snakes as indicators of environmental health; Landscape-level conservation and integrated development initiatives; Cross-sector partnerships between science, policy, and local communities; Innovative models for sustainable coexistence between snakes and people.